Bilingual design fails when one script is designed and the other is pasted in afterwards. Arabic is not Latin reversed, and it never reads that way.

We start both scripts together. The Arabic sets the vertical rhythm because its letterforms are taller and busier, and the Latin is tuned to match its weight rather than the other way around.

Alignment is the quiet trap. A layout that feels balanced left to right can feel lopsided right to left, so we build two grids that mirror rather than one grid flipped.

Done well, neither reader can tell which language came first. That is the whole job.